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    Home / Food and Agriculture Microdata Catalogue / AGRICULTURAL-SURVEYS / ZAF_1993_PSLSD_V01_EN_M_V01_A_OCS
agricultural-surveys

Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development 1993

South Africa, 1993
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Reference ID
ZAF_1993_PSLSD_v01_EN_M_v01_A_OCS
Producer(s)
Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit
Collections
Agricultural Surveys
Metadata
Documentation in PDF DDI/XML JSON
Created on
Oct 20, 2020
Last modified
Oct 20, 2020
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  • Study Description
  • Data Dictionary
  • Downloads
  • Get Microdata
  • Identification
  • Scope
  • Coverage
  • Producers and sponsors
  • Sampling
  • Data collection
  • Data processing
  • Data appraisal
  • Data Access
  • Disclaimer and copyrights
  • Contacts
  • Metadata production
  • Identification

    Survey ID number

    ZAF_1993_PSLSD_v01_EN_M_v01_A_OCS

    Title

    Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development 1993

    Country
    Name Country code
    South Africa ZAF
    Study type

    Living Standards Measurement Study [hh/lsms]

    Abstract

    The Project for Statistics on Living standards and Development was a countrywide World Bank Living Standards Measurement Survey. It covered approximately 9000 households, drawn from a representative sample of South African households. The fieldwork was undertaken during the nine months leading up to the country's first democratic elections at the end of April 1994. The purpose of the survey was to collect statistical information about the conditions under which South Africans live in order to provide policymakers with the data necessary for planning strategies. This data would aid the implementation of goals such as those outlined in the Government of National Unity's Reconstruction and Development Programme.

    Kind of Data

    Sample survey data [ssd]

    Unit of Analysis

    Households

    Scope

    Notes

    The scope of the study was:

    (a) HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE
    Household Roster
    Household Services
    Food Spending and Consumption
    Non-Food Spending
    Education
    Remittances and Marital Maintenance
    Land Access and Use
    Employment Status
    Transport
    Livestock
    Health
    Anthropometry

    (b) COMMUNITY QUESTIONNAIRE
    Demographic information
    Economy and infrastructure
    Education
    Health
    Agriculture
    Recreational facilities
    Shops and commodity prices
    Literacy

    Topics
    Topic Vocabulary
    Agriculture & Rural Development FAO
    Food (production, crisis) FAO
    Land (policy, resource management) FAO
    Labor FAO
    Livestock FAO
    Nutrition FAO
    Financial Sector FAO
    Access to Finance FAO
    Payment Systems FAO
    Infrastructure FAO
    Prices statistics FAO

    Coverage

    Geographic Coverage

    National

    Universe

    All Household members. Individuals in hospitals, old age homes, hotels and hostels of educational institutions were not included in the sample. Migrant labour hostels were included. In addition to those that turned up in the selected ESDs, a sample of three hostels was chosen from a national list provided by the Human Sciences Research Council and within each of these hostels a representative sample was drawn on a similar basis as described above for the households in ESDs.

    Producers and sponsors

    Primary investigators
    Name Affiliation
    Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit University of Cape Town
    Producers
    Name Role
    The World Bank Technical assistance
    Funding Agency/Sponsor
    Name Role
    Government of Denmark Financing the survey
    Government of the Netherlands Financing the survey
    Government of Norway Financing the survey

    Sampling

    Sampling Procedure

    (a) SAMPLING DESIGN

    Sample size is 9,000 households. The sample design adopted for the study was a two-stage self-weighting design in which the first stage units were Census Enumerator Subdistricts (ESDs, or their equivalent) and the second stage were households. The advantage of using such a design is that it provides a representative sample that need not be based on accurate census population distribution in the case of South Africa, the sample will automatically include many poor people, without the need to go beyond this and oversample the poor. Proportionate sampling as in such a self-weighting sample design offers the simplest possible data files for further analysis, as weights do not have to be added. However, in the end this advantage could not be retained, and weights had to be added.

    (b) SAMPLE FRAME

    The sampling frame was drawn up on the basis of small, clearly demarcated area units, each with a population estimate. The nature of the self-weighting procedure adopted ensured that this population estimate was not important for determining the final sample, however. For most of the country, census ESDs were used. Where some ESDs comprised relatively large populations as for instance in some black townships such as Soweto, aerial photographs were used to divide the areas into blocks of approximately equal population size. In other instances, particularly in some of the former homelands, the area units were not ESDs but villages or village groups. In the sample design chosen, the area stage units (generally ESDs) were selected with probability proportional to size, based on the census population. Systematic sampling was used throughout that is, sampling at fixed interval in a list of ESDs, starting at a randomly selected starting point. Given that sampling was self-weighting, the impact of stratification was expected to be modest. The main objective was to ensure that the racial and geographic breakdown approximated the national population distribution. This was done by listing the area stage units (ESDs) by statistical region and then within the statistical region by urban or rural. Within these sub-statistical regions, the ESDs were then listed in order of percentage African. The sampling interval for the selection of the ESDs was obtained by dividing the 1991 census population of 38,120,853 by the 300 clusters to be selected. This yielded 105,800. Starting at a randomly selected point, every 105,800th person down the cluster list was selected. This ensured both geographic and racial diversity (ESDs were ordered by statistical sub-region and proportion of the population African). In three or four instances, the ESD chosen was judged inaccessible and replaced with a similar one. In the second sampling stage the unit of analysis was the household. In each selected ESD a listing or enumeration of households was carried out by means of a field operation. From the households listed in an ESD a sample of households was selected by systematic sampling. Even though the ultimate enumeration unit was the household, in most cases "stands" were used as enumeration units. However, when a stand was chosen as the enumeration unit all households on that stand had to be interviewed.

    Weighting

    A self-weighting sample design should in principle eliminate the need for weighting. A number of factors intervened, however, which made it essential to use weights after all. Amongst these was violence, which prevented survey teams from conducting interviews in two clusters on the East Rand; failure to continue interviewing in a cluster until the required take had been interviewed; and systematic under-representation of whites in the sample. This last problem resulted both from systematic non-response (whites were found to be more likely to refuse to be interviewed, or to be absent than other groups) and from sampling problems themselves. As a final comment on weights, the data provided for the user contains weights to correct for the enumeration difficulties discussed above as well as census based weights. If the user of the data wishes to use these weights, they are found in the data file named "weight02". The variable name for the enumeration-based weight is "rsweight" and the name for the census-based weight is "rcweight". (Do not use the "sweight" and "cweight" variables.)

    Data collection

    Dates of Data Collection
    Start End
    1993-08 1993-12

    Data processing

    Data Editing

    All the questionnaires were checked when received. Where information was incomplete or appeared contradictory, the questionnaire was sent back to the relevant survey organization. As soon as the data was available, it was captured using local development platform ADE. This was completed in February 1994. Following this, a series of exploratory programs were written to highlight inconsistencies and outlier. For example, all person level files were linked together to ensure that the same person code reported in different sections of the questionnaire corresponded to the same person. The error reports from these programs were compared to the questionnaires and the necessary alterations made. This was a lengthy process, as several files were checked more than once, and completed at the beginning of August 1994. In some cases, questionnaires would contain missing values, or comments that the respondent did not know, or refused to answer a question.

    These responses are coded in the data files with the following values: VALUE MEANING
    -1 : The data was not available on the questionnaire or form
    -2 : The field is not applicable
    -3 : Respondent refused to answer
    -4 : Respondent did not know answer to question

    Data appraisal

    Data Appraisal

    The data collected in clusters 217 and 218 should be viewed as highly unreliable and therefore removed from the data set. The data currently available on the web site has been revised to remove the data from these clusters. Researchers who have downloaded the data in the past should revise their data sets. For information on the data in those clusters, contact SALDRU http://www.saldru.uct.ac.za/.

    Data Access

    Confidentiality
    Is signing of a confidentiality declaration required? Confidentiality declaration text
    yes https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/terms-of-use
    Access conditions

    In receiving these data it is recognized that the data are supplied for use within my organization, and I agree to the following stipulations as conditions for the use of the data:

    1. The data are supplied solely for the use described in this form and will not be made available to other organizations or individuals. Other organizations or individuals may request the data directly.

    2. Three copies of all publications, conference papers, or other research reports based entirely or in part upon the requested data will be supplied to:

    SALDRU School of Economics
    University of Cape Town
    Private Bag,
    Rondebosch, 7700
    SOUTH AFRICA

    [email protected]

    AND

    The World Bank Development Economics Research Group LSMS Database Administrator MSN MC3-306 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA tel: (202) 473-9041 fax: (202) 522-1153 e-mail: [email protected]

    1. The researcher will refer to the 1993 South Africa Integrated Household Survey as the source of the information in all publications, conference papers, and manuscripts. At the same time, the World Bank is not responsable for the estimations reported by the analyst(s).

    2. Users who download the data may not pass the data to third parties.

    3. The database cannot be used for commercial ends, nor can it be sold.

    Citation requirements

    Use of the dataset must be acknowledged by including a citation which would include:

    • Identification of the Primary Investigator
    • Title of the survey (including the year of implementation)
    • Survey reference number
    • Source and date of download

    Example:

    Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit. Integrated Household Survey (IHS) 1993 Ref. ZAF_1993_IHS_v01_M. Dataset downloaded from www.microdata.worldbank.org on [date]

    Disclaimer and copyrights

    Disclaimer

    The user of the data acknowledges that the original collector of the data, the authorized distributor of the data, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for use of the data or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email URL
    LSMS Data Manager The World Bank [email protected] http://go.worldbank.org/QJVDZDKJ60
    Data Manager DataFirst [email protected] http://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za

    Metadata production

    DDI Document ID

    DDI_ZAF_1993_PSLSD_v01_EN_M_v01_A_OCS_FAO

    Producers
    Name Affiliation Role
    Office of Chief Statistician Food and Agriculture Organization Adoption of metadata for FAM
    DataFirst University of Cape Town DDI Producer

    Metadata version

    DDI Document version

    ZAF_1993_PSLSD_v01_EN_M_v01_A_OCS_v01

    Back to Catalog
    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

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