Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis 2006.
Rwanda, 2006
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RWA_2006_CFSVA_v01_EN_M_v01_A_OCS
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National Institute of Statistics Rwanda
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Identification
Survey ID Number
RWA_2006_CFSVA_v01_EN_M_v01_A_OCS
Title
Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis 2006.
Country
| Name | Country code |
|---|---|
| Rwanda | RWA |
Study type
Socio-Economic/Monitoring Survey [hh/sems]
Series Information
After a decade of rapid and sustained economic growth, Rwanda has made significant progress toward rebuilding after the devastating 1994 genocide. Still, it remains one of Africa’s poorest countries and the majority of the population (60 percent) lives below the poverty line. Per capita income, even when adjusted for purchasing power parity, has yet to reach its 1990 levels. Population and Household Living Conditions Study (EICV) survey data from 2001 suggest that over 70 percent of the rural population is considered to be food poor, 45 percent of the children aged 6–59 months are stunted and 3.9 percent are wasted. Structural causes of food insecurity further remain to be addressed, including: (1) low productivity of the agricultural sector (per capita production is still below 1990 levels); (2) population pressure on land, resulting in suboptimal plot size and cultivation of marginal land; (3) soil erosion, loss of soil fertility and subsequent declines in productivity; (4) malfunctioning markets and lack of economic opportunities, especially in the rural areas; (5) diseases and epidemics like HIV/AIDS and malaria; and (6) long-term consequences of the conflict such as displacement, family separation and social disruption, which increase the number of vulnerable people and the depth of their vulnerability.
It is against this background that World Food Program (WFP) proposed to undertake a national Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) with the objective of measuring the extent and depth of food insecurity and vulnerability, and identifying the underlying causes. The study is intended to inform relevant decision-making processes to mitigate food crises and increase food security. This report presents the results of the analysis of three sources of data: collection of quantitative primary data from 2,806 households selected nationwide to be representative at a sub-provincial level (food economy zones); collection of qualitative primary data; and secondary information (literature review).
The study was initiated by WFP and the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI). It was implemented by the National Institute of Statistics, and received support from other stakeholders, including FEWS NET, MSF-Belgium, UNICEF, Ministry of Finance (MINECOFIN) and the Disaster Management Unit (DMU) of the Prime Minister’s Office.
It is against this background that World Food Program (WFP) proposed to undertake a national Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) with the objective of measuring the extent and depth of food insecurity and vulnerability, and identifying the underlying causes. The study is intended to inform relevant decision-making processes to mitigate food crises and increase food security. This report presents the results of the analysis of three sources of data: collection of quantitative primary data from 2,806 households selected nationwide to be representative at a sub-provincial level (food economy zones); collection of qualitative primary data; and secondary information (literature review).
The study was initiated by WFP and the Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI). It was implemented by the National Institute of Statistics, and received support from other stakeholders, including FEWS NET, MSF-Belgium, UNICEF, Ministry of Finance (MINECOFIN) and the Disaster Management Unit (DMU) of the Prime Minister’s Office.
Abstract
After a decade of rapid and sustained economic growth, Rwanda has made significant progress toward rebuilding after the devastating 1994 genocide. Still, it remains one of Africa’s poorest countries and the majority of the population (60 percent) lives below thepoverty line. Per capita income, even when adjusted for purchasing power parity, has yet to reach its 1990 levels. Population and Household Living Conditions Study (EICV) survey data from 2001 suggest that over 70 percent of the rural population is considered to be food poor; 45 percent of children aged 6–59 months are stunted and 3.9 percent are wasted. Thus, it is evident that there is still a need to address structural causes of food insecurity; including low agricultural productivity, increased population pressure on land, soil erosion, malfunctioning markets, spread of diseases and epidemics, as well as, the longstanding effect of conflict/genocide, which has increased human vulnerability.
It is against this background that the World Food Program (WFP) proposed to undertake a national Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) with the objective of measuring the extent and depth of food insecurity and vulnerability, and identifying the underlying causes. The study is intended to inform relevant decision-making processes to mitigate food crises and increase food security. This report presents the results of the analysis of three sources of data: collection of quantitative primary data from 2,806 households selected nationwide to be representative at a sub-provincial level (food economy zones); collection of qualitative primary data; and secondary information (literature review).
The purpose of this Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) is to provide an accurate baseline and understanding of chronic food insecurity and vulnerability conditions in rural Rwanda, and how best to respond to them. It seeks to identify the population and location of people vulnerable to food insecurity and malnutrition, highlight causes and determine necessary interventions and priority areas that can reduce their vulnerability and support their livelihood.
This will help to develop and target programme activities toward those who most need them (profiles) in the most effective way (intervention). It will further support the development of a monitoring and evaluation system by establishing a baseline against which to measure post-shock changes.
Food security exists when "all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life10". It is understood as a multidimensional function of:
1) food availability: the amount of food physically available to a household (micro level) or at the national level (macro);
2) food access: the physical (e.g. road network, market) and economical (e.g. own production, exchange, purchase) ability of a household to acquire adequate amounts of food; and
3) food utilization: the intra-household use of the food accessible and the individual's ability to absorb and use nutrients (e.g. function of health
status).
Vulnerability is "the probability of an acute decline in food access, or consumption, often in reference to some critical value that defines minimum levels of human well-being". It is a function of:
1) exposure to risk: the probability of an event that, if it did materialize, would cause a welfare loss (e.g. drought); and
2) risk management: the ability to mitigate the possible consequences of a probable event. This can in turn be divided into ex-ante risk manageme (preparedness) and ex-post risk management (ability to cope). The ability to cope is the response after an event occurred; it can be negative and affect the resource base of the household, such as the selling of assets, or positive (non-negative response such as migration). The ability to cope is undermined by the intensity of the event itself but also by poor structural and societal conditions such as poverty.
It is against this background that the World Food Program (WFP) proposed to undertake a national Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) with the objective of measuring the extent and depth of food insecurity and vulnerability, and identifying the underlying causes. The study is intended to inform relevant decision-making processes to mitigate food crises and increase food security. This report presents the results of the analysis of three sources of data: collection of quantitative primary data from 2,806 households selected nationwide to be representative at a sub-provincial level (food economy zones); collection of qualitative primary data; and secondary information (literature review).
The purpose of this Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) is to provide an accurate baseline and understanding of chronic food insecurity and vulnerability conditions in rural Rwanda, and how best to respond to them. It seeks to identify the population and location of people vulnerable to food insecurity and malnutrition, highlight causes and determine necessary interventions and priority areas that can reduce their vulnerability and support their livelihood.
This will help to develop and target programme activities toward those who most need them (profiles) in the most effective way (intervention). It will further support the development of a monitoring and evaluation system by establishing a baseline against which to measure post-shock changes.
Food security exists when "all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life10". It is understood as a multidimensional function of:
1) food availability: the amount of food physically available to a household (micro level) or at the national level (macro);
2) food access: the physical (e.g. road network, market) and economical (e.g. own production, exchange, purchase) ability of a household to acquire adequate amounts of food; and
3) food utilization: the intra-household use of the food accessible and the individual's ability to absorb and use nutrients (e.g. function of health
status).
Vulnerability is "the probability of an acute decline in food access, or consumption, often in reference to some critical value that defines minimum levels of human well-being". It is a function of:
1) exposure to risk: the probability of an event that, if it did materialize, would cause a welfare loss (e.g. drought); and
2) risk management: the ability to mitigate the possible consequences of a probable event. This can in turn be divided into ex-ante risk manageme (preparedness) and ex-post risk management (ability to cope). The ability to cope is the response after an event occurred; it can be negative and affect the resource base of the household, such as the selling of assets, or positive (non-negative response such as migration). The ability to cope is undermined by the intensity of the event itself but also by poor structural and societal conditions such as poverty.
Kind of Data
Sample survey data [ssd]
Unit of Analysis
Households
Version
Version Description
Vo.1: Basic raw data, obtained from data entry
Version Date
2006-12
Scope
Notes
The 2006 CFSVA covers indicators relating to human and social capital, natural capital, physical capital, economic capital and livelihood strategies, agricultural production and expenditure, food consumption, food security shocks, as well as, maternal and child health/nutrition.
Coverage
Geographic Coverage
National Coverage
Geographic Unit
Sub-provincial level (food economy zones).The 12 food economy zones (FEZ) identified in 2003 by the Rwanda Vulnerability Baseline Assessment conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), the Ministry of Youth, Culture and Sports (MIJESPOC), the Ministry of Local Administration, Community Development and Social Affairs (MINALOC), the
World Food Programme (WFP) and FEWS NET. All FEZ but Kigali were surveyed.
World Food Programme (WFP) and FEWS NET. All FEZ but Kigali were surveyed.
Universe
Rural Household members
Producers and sponsors
Primary investigators
| Name | Affiliation |
|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics Rwanda | Government of Rwanda |
Producers
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| World Food Programme | International Organisation | Technical assistance |
Funding Agency/Sponsor
| Name | Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Strengthening Emergency Needs Assessment Capacity | ODAN/SENAC |
| Europian Commission (Humanitarian Aid) | ODAN/SENAC |
| MSF-Belgium | MSF-Belgium |
| FEWS NET | FEWS NET |
| The Disaster Management Unit (DMU) of the Prime Minister’s Office | DMU |
Other Identifications/Acknowledgments
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ministry of Agriculture (MINAGRI) | Government of Rwanda | Technica assistance |
| MINALOC | Government of Rwanda | Technica assistance |
| MINECOFIN | Government of Rwanda | Technica assistance |
| UNICEF | International Organisation | Technica assistance |
| Medecin Sans Frontières | International Organisation | Technica assistance |
| The head of VAM, Joyce Luma | International Organisation | secured funding for the HIV/AIDS portion of the survey |
| Food security partners in Rwanda (FEWS NET, MINAGRI) | International Organisation | secured funding for the HIV/AIDS portion of the survey |
| Staff of the WFP country office | International Organisation | secured funding for the HIV/AIDS portion of the survey |
| National Institute of Statistics (NISR) | Government of Rwanda | logistics, planning and coordination stages of the survey |
| WFP Rome ODAN/ODAV | International Organisation | questionnaire design and survey methodology |
| The initial technical working group (PMO/DMU, MINECOFIN, MINAGRI, MSFBelgium, FEWS) | International Organisation | questionnaire design |
Sampling
Sampling Procedure
The Rwanda 2006 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) sought to characterize household food insecurity and vulnerability at the sub-provincial level of the country. The country is divided into five provinces (Kigali-Ville, Northern Province, Southern Province, Eastern Province and Western Province), 30 districts and 416 sectors. Each sector is composed of cells, which are subdivided into designated villages (imidugudu). Since it was impossible to cover and be representative of all 30 districts of Rwanda within the time and budget allocated to the study (and because there were too few provinces), it was decided to use the 12 Food Economy Zones (FEZ) identified in 2003 by the Rwanda Vulnerability Baseline Assessment conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), the Ministry of Youth, Culture and Sports (MIJESPOC), the Ministry of Local Administration, Community Development and Social Affairs (MINALOC), the World Food Programme (WFP) and FEWS NET. All FEZ but Kigali were surveyed.
The sample universe for this study was all rural households of Rwanda. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select households within each FEZ. Zones de dénombrement (ZD, enumeration zones) were selected first, followed by households. The 2002 census divided sectors in 7,727 ZD. ZD were also used for the 2002 and 2005 Population and Household Living Conditions Study (EICV). ZD were used for the first stage of sampling so that data from EICV studies could be incorporated in the analysis.
A total of 493 ZD were selected randomly (stratified by FEZ and well distributed throughout the former administrative provinces) from the list of all rural ZD. Within those ZD, comprehensive household lists were used to randomly select a total sample of 2,806 households. The sample size was designed to provide representative results at the FEZ level. A total of 2,786 households were interviewed for this study. General characteristics of the sampled population are provided in Figure 2-2: Sample size and composition. The average household size was 5.2 people. The average age of the household head was 46, and 29 percent of the households were headed by women.
The sample universe for this study was all rural households of Rwanda. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select households within each FEZ. Zones de dénombrement (ZD, enumeration zones) were selected first, followed by households. The 2002 census divided sectors in 7,727 ZD. ZD were also used for the 2002 and 2005 Population and Household Living Conditions Study (EICV). ZD were used for the first stage of sampling so that data from EICV studies could be incorporated in the analysis.
A total of 493 ZD were selected randomly (stratified by FEZ and well distributed throughout the former administrative provinces) from the list of all rural ZD. Within those ZD, comprehensive household lists were used to randomly select a total sample of 2,806 households. The sample size was designed to provide representative results at the FEZ level. A total of 2,786 households were interviewed for this study. General characteristics of the sampled population are provided in Figure 2-2: Sample size and composition. The average household size was 5.2 people. The average age of the household head was 46, and 29 percent of the households were headed by women.
Weighting
Taking into consideration the sampling methodology summarized above, adjustment weights were computed to provide results representative at country and ZEF level. The household probability of selection is equal to the product of a household's probability of being selected in a ZD by the probability of the ZD of being sampled. The inverse of this probability is the design weight. The design weight was adjusted for the expected and actual number of households in the surveyed ZD and was used in the complex sample calculations.
The design weight was divided by the product of the total number of households in the population divided by the number of sampled households. The result is the normalized weights which were used in all non-complex sample analyses.
The design weight was divided by the product of the total number of households in the population divided by the number of sampled households. The result is the normalized weights which were used in all non-complex sample analyses.
Data Collection
Dates of Data Collection
| Start | End |
|---|---|
| 2006-03-21 | 2006-04-10 |
Data Collection Mode
Face-to-face paper [f2f]
Supervision
A total of 25 experienced teams conducted data collection. Each team was composed of four interviewers, one supervisor and one driver. Training was organized for the supervisors and interviewers. The training included a general overview on how to conduct interviews and practice sessions with the questionnaire and with measurement instruments.
Data Collection Notes
Data collection was conducted from 21 March to 10 April under the supervision of the NSIR. A total of 25 experienced teams conducted data collection. Each team was composed of four interviewers, one supervisor and one driver. Training was organized for the supervisors and interviewers. The training included a general overview on how to conduct interviews and practice sessions with the questionnaire and with measurement instruments. Interviewers were expected to conduct an average of four interviews per day. Clear instructions on which households to interview and how to find them were provided and entered into fiches de ménages. Supervisors were provided with a list of over-sampled households in the event that a household had to be replaced. A standardized consent form was used to secure the participation of selected individuals. Participation was voluntary, and respondents did not receive any money or compensation for participating. Names were not recorded.
Data Collectors
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation |
|---|---|---|
| National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda | NISR | Government of Rwanda |
Questionnaires
Questionnaires
The community questionnaire was developed using an approach similar to that of the household questionnaire. It used both a closed-ended and an open-ended, structured format and covered five areas (occupation, contextual information, HIV/AIDS, migration and market information).
Data Processing
Data Editing
A team of ten people at the National Institute of Statistics Rwanda (NISR) handled data entry for the household and community questionnaires. A database was developed using CSPro for data entry. The database was imported in SPSS for analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted by WFP in Rwanda and Rome, with the support of NISR. SPSS and ADDATI 5.2c were used to conduct Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and clustering analysis. Nutritional indicators were calculated using EpiInfo EPINUT. All other analysis was done using SPSS.
Access policy
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Director General | National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda | [email protected] | www.statistics.gov.rw |
Confidentiality
This is edited data file for public use.
Access conditions
These are public use files, accessible to all. The data provided by the survey will be useful not only for national and international stakeholders directly engaged in the fight against Food Insecurity but also for public administration, private sector, civil society, researchers and other experts and institutions interested in the issue.
Access authority
| Name | Affiliation | URL | |
|---|---|---|---|
| National Institute of Statisticsof Rwanda | Ministry of Finance and Economic Plannification | [email protected] | www.statistics.gov.rw |
Disclaimer and copyrights
Copyright
(c) 2012, National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda
Metadata production
DDI Document ID
DDI_RWA_2006_CFSVA_v01_EN_M_v01_A_OCS_FAO
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Office of Chief Statistician | OCS | Food and Agriculture Organization | Metadata adapted for FAM |
| National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda | NISR | Government of Rwanda | Metadata producer |
DDI Document version
RWA_2006_CFSVA_v01_EN_M_v01_A_OCS_v01